Megan Resolutions

2017- Restrict Tobacco Sales to Persons 21 and Over in Arizona

Resolution to Restrict Tobacco Sales to Persons 21 and Over in Arizona

Background and Summary

Tobacco use poses serious public health problems. Over the past 50 years, tobacco control in the United States has led to an estimated 8 million fewer premature deaths. However, tobacco use continues to significantly affect public health, and more than 40 million Americans still smoke.
Nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 21 years of age. The parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine, including nicotine from electronic nicotine delivery devices (electronic cigarettes).

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration broad authorities over tobacco products but prohibited the FDA from establishing a nationwide minimum age to buy tobacco above 18. The law directed the FDA to convene a panel of experts to conduct a study on the public health implications of raising the minimum age to purchase tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery devices.
At FDA’s request, the Institute of Medicine published a report entitled Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. The report literature on tobacco use initiation, developmental biology and psychology, and tobacco policy and predicted the likely public health outcomes of raising the minimum legal age for tobacco products.
The report concluded that: “… Increasing the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products will prevent or delay initiation of tobacco use by adolescents and young adults, particularly those ages 15 to 17, and improve the health of Americans across the lifespan”. The report also quantifies the immediate and long term accompanying public health outcome improvements. The report concludes that there would be a 12% decrease in the prevalence of smoking among the cohort if the minimum age of purchase were moved to 21 years old from the current 18.

The analysis concluded that raising the minimum age to 21 will “… likely immediately improve the health of adolescents and young adults by reducing the number of those with adverse physiological effects such as increased inflammation and impaired immune functioning caused by smoking, as these could potentially lead to negative health consequences, including increased hospitalizations and lessened capacity to heal wounds. Adverse maternal, fetal, and infant outcomes—including preterm births, low birth weight, and sudden infant death—will also probably decrease due to reduced tobacco exposure in mothers and infants. Raising the minimum legal age will also lessen the population’s exposure to secondhand smoke and its associated health effects, both now and in the future.”

Over time, the report concludes that raising the minimum legal age for buying tobacco will likely lead to substantial reductions in smoking-­‐related mortality observed for 30 years. If the minimum legal age to purchase tobacco were raised to 21 nationally, there would be approximately 223,000 fewer premature deaths, 50,000 fewer deaths from lung cancer, and 4.2 million fewer years of life lost for those born between 2000 and 2019.

Several jurisdictions have already raised the minimum legal age to buy tobacco. New York City raised the age to 21, in 2013. Hawaii did it in 2015, becoming the first state to go to the 21 (the Hawaii Public Health Association was instrumental in that effort). California followed suit in 2016, and New Jersey and Oregon did so in 2017. In Arizona, Douglas and Cottonwood have passed local ordinances restricting the sale of tobacco to people 21 and older.

AzPHA Resolution September 2017

Whereas, the Arizona Public Health Association recognizes that tobacco use poses serious public health problems; and
Whereas, nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 21 years of age; and

Whereas, the parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine, including nicotine from electronic nicotine delivery devices; and

Whereas, increasing the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery devices will prevent or delay initiation of tobacco use by adolescents and young adults and improve the health of Americans across the lifespan; and

Whereas, if the minimum legal age were raised to 21 in Arizona, there would be approximately 4,460 fewer premature deaths, 1,000 fewer deaths from lung cancer, and 840,000 fewer years of life lost for those born between 2000 and 2019;

Therefore, be it resolved that the Arizona Public Health Association supports raising the minimum legal age to purchase tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery devices in Arizona to 21 years old.

165~2017_(1) Tobacco 21 (tobacco)

Megan Resolutions

2017- Texting and Driving

Resolution to Restrict Texting While Driving in Arizona

Background and Summary

Texting has become a social norm in recent years because of the popularity of smart phones. The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or driving while texting is growing. A study at the Accident Research Center1 provided strong evidence that retrieving and sending text messages has a detrimental effect on a number of safety-­‐critical driving measures including detecting and responding correctly to road signs, detecting hazards, time spent with eyes off the road.
Several studies have linked texting while driving to be the cause of life-­‐threatening accidents due to driver distraction. A recent National Traffic Highway Safety Administration NHTSA report found that teens have the highest prevalence of cell phone use while driving and rank at the top of the list for being distracted at the time of a fatal crash.

For many years, Arizona has been one of only 3 states that did not restrict the use of smart phones while driving. During the 2017 Arizona Legislative Session SB 1080 was passed and signed which restricts texting and driving among new drivers for the first 6 months of their license (if they’re under 18). Using the phone in an emergency is still allowed and citations can only be issued if the driver committed another violation. Prior to this, the only other limitation in AZ to this kind of distraction applied to school bus drivers.

A study of US crash data called Driver distraction and crashes: An assessment of crash databases and review of the literature found that driver distraction (among all ages) is a contributing factor in 8% to 13% of crashes including cell phone distractions of between 1.5 to 5%.

Arizona’s new law only restricts texting and driving among new drivers for the first 6 months of their license (if they’re under 18), yet evidence suggests that texting while driving creates unnecessary and dangerous driver distractions that cause motor vehicle accidents that result in injuries and deaths.

1. Hosking, S.G., Young, K.L., & Regan, M.A. (2006). “The effects of text messaging on young novice driver performance” (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2014.

AzPHA Resolution September 2017

Whereas, the Arizona Public Health Association recognizes that texting has become a social norm in recent years because of the popularity of smart phones and studies have linked texting while driving to be the cause of life-­‐threatening accidents due to driver distraction; and

Whereas, a recent National Traffic Highway Safety Administration NHTSA report found that smart phone use while driving is linked with distracted at the time of a fatal crash; and

Whereas, a study of US crash data found that driver distraction is a contributing factor in 8% to 13% of crashes including cell phone distractions of between 1.5 to 5%;

Therefore, be it resolved that the Arizona Public Health Association supports a law in Arizona that would prohibit texting and other smart phone use among all drivers.

166~2017_(1) Texting and Driving(public safety)

Megan Resolutions

2017- Physical Activity in Schools

Resolution to Require 50 Minutes of Unstructured Recess in Arizona Elementary Schools (K-­‐5)

Background and Summary

The percentage of children with obesity in the United States has more than tripled since the 1970s. Today, about one in five school-­‐aged children is obese. Childhood obesity has immediate and long-­‐term impacts on physical, social, and emotional health. For example:
• Children with obesity are at higher risk for having other chronic health conditions and diseases that impact physical health, such as asthma, sleep apnea, bone and joint problems, type 2 diabetes, and risk factors for heart disease.
• Children with obesity are bullied and teased more than their normal weight peers, and are more likely to suffer from social isolation, depression, and lower self-­‐esteem.
• Childhood obesity also is associated with having obesity as an adult, which is linked to serious conditions and diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and several types of cancer.

Children and adolescents that participate in at least 1 hour of physical activity per day benefit from multiple health benefits, including lower risk for becoming obese. Schools provide a unique venue for youth to meet the activity recommendations. However, schools have been facing increasing challenges in allocating time for physical education and physical activity.
There is a growing body of research focused on the association between school-­‐based physical activity, and academic performance among school-­‐aged youth. A recent report from the CDC’s entitled The Association Between School-­‐based Physical Activity, Including Physical Education, and Academic Performance examined the association between school-­‐based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance, including indicators of cognitive skills and attitudes, academic behaviors.
The CDC found that “… across all 50 studies that they examined there were a total of 251 associations between physical activity and academic performance, representing measures of academic achievement, academic behavior, and cognitive skills and attitudes. Measures of cognitive skills and attitudes were used most frequently.”

During the 2017 Arizona Legislative Session, House Bill 2082 was introduced which would have required all schools to have 50 minutes of recess per day from K through 5th grade. The Bill was passed by the House of Representatives but stalled in the State Senate.

Data from the CDC report provides evidence that such a bill, should it become law, would have a positive impact on academic achievement as well as physical activity. The report found that time spent in recess appears to have a positive relationship with children’s attention, concentration, and/or on-­‐task classroom behavior. All eight studies found one or more positive associations between recess and indicators of cognitive skills, attitudes, and academic behavior; none of the studies found negative associations between recess time and academic achievement.

AzPHA Resolution September 2017

Whereas, the Arizona Public Health Association recognizes that childhood obesity continues to pose an increasing public health threat; and

Whereas, children that are obese are at higher risk for having other chronic health conditions and diseases that impact physical health, such as asthma, sleep apnea, bone and joint problems, type 2 diabetes, and risk factors for heart disease; and

Whereas, children and adolescents that participate in at least 1 hour of physical activity per day benefit from multiple health benefits, including lower risk for becoming obese; and

Whereas, schools provide a unique venue for youth to meet the activity recommendations; and

Whereas, there is a growing body of research focused on the association between school-­‐based physical activity, and academic performance among school-­‐aged youth; and

Whereas, recess has a positive relationship with children’s attention, concentration, and on-­‐task classroom behavior;

Therefore, be it resolved that the Arizona Public Health Association supports a law in Arizona that would require all schools to have 50 minutes of recess per day from K through 5th grade and prohibit the withholding of recess for academic or behavioral reasons.

167~2017_(1) Conference Resolution Physical Activity in School(preventative health, education)

Megan Resolutions, Uncategorized

2018- Prevent Firearm Violence in Schools

Arizona Public Health Association (AzPHA) Resolution: Preventing Firearm Violence in Schools

Effective Date: October 3, 2018

Background and Summary
Since the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School, some 208,000 children at 212 schools have experienced gun violence on school campuses. School-based rampage shootings took 13 lives at Columbine High School, 26 lives at Sandy Hook Elementary School, 17 lives at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, and most recently 10 lives at the Santa Fe High School.
Aside from the loss of life and the pain these events inflict on survivors and the community, there are monetary costs to the community and to schools. Those costs include funerals, trauma counseling, reconstructing or refurbishing buildings, and investing in new security measures. To the broader
community, there’s a growing concern about the safety of children and what steps can be taken to reduce the risk and prevent violence. The toxic stress of exposure to gun violence affects the developing brain, causing damaging effects for these children across the lifespan.
While these events captured the attention of the media, public, and politicians, they occur in a larger context of gun violence. Gun violence is a leading cause of premature death in the United States. Guns kill more than 38,000 people and cause nearly 85,000 injuries every year. In 2016, 36 children under the age of 18 in Arizona died from firearms. Twenty-nine of the 36 were between the ages of 15-17.

The causes of gun violence are complex and deeply rooted in our culture, which is why we must take a public health approach to keeping our schools and communities safe. This effort should begin with supporting the social and emotional development of children from early childhood. We must place a renewed emphasis on improving research into firearm injuries and violence. Ongoing work must increase to ensure that firearms do not fall into the wrong hands, including preventing access by children. Mental health services must be available to help those who need it most. We need a change in mindset and policy from reaction to prevention.
AzPHA Resolution October 2018
Whereas, the Arizona Public Health Association recognizes growing public concern over issues around gun violence and public safety, especially at schools; and
Whereas, some of the deadliest incidents have happened in the past six years resulting in loss of life and trauma for the surviving victims;
Therefore, be it resolved that the Arizona Public Health Association supports:
Efforts to improve the safety of students in the school environment:
● The creation and evaluation of community- and school-based programs (including coalitions) targeting the prevention of firearm injuries including homicides and suicides.

● A national requirement for all schools to assess school climate and maintain physically and emotionally safe conditions that protect all students and adults from bullying, discrimination, harassment, and assault.
● Ongoing training and support for school-based, multi-disciplinary threat management teams that utilize behavior and facts to determine the credibility of threats of violence and evidence- based strategies to manage situations of potential violence.
● Reform of school discipline to reduce exclusionary practices and foster positive social, behavioral, emotional, and academic success for students.
● Funding for Mental Health First Aid and Youth Mental Health First Aid training in Arizona schools and communities. The funding for this program needs to be ongoing to reach new teachers and administrators every year.
● Adequate staffing for school-based counseling services for the early identification of student behavioral health concerns with referral for treatment as necessary .
● Provision of Suicide Prevention Training in schools because, as the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention reports, suicide is the leading cause of death for children ages 10-14 and the second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34.

Efforts to improve the safety of students in the community environment:
● Funding to upgrade the Criminal Background Check Database to ensure that information is
current and require its use for sales including those at “gun shows”.
● Implement a process such as a Domestic Violence Order of Protection (including judicial review) in Arizona wherein a gun would be removed from individuals identified as dangerous and a potential threat to individuals or the community. As with the Order of Protection, these determinations should be based on the behavior of the individual, not on a diagnosis of mental health or substance use disorder.
● Raising the age for purchasing a firearm to 21.
● Banning the purchase of semi-automatic firearms with large magazines of ammunition designed and configured for rapid fire and use in combat.

Efforts to improve the body of evidence to improve overall student safety:
● The creation and evaluation of comprehensive national, state, and local data collection systems to facilitate research on the prevention of firearm fatalities and injuries and the movement of firearms within the population, particularly youth.
● Urging schools of public health to offer curricula in violence prevention that includes the epidemiology of firearm-related violence, intervention design and evaluation.
● Urging schools of medicine and nursing and other health care professions to educate future health care providers about interpersonal violence, the role of firearms in violence, and how to intervene with patients to recognize risk factors and prevent the effects of v

168~2018_(1)Prevent Firearm Violence in Schools(education, violence)

Megan Resolutions

2018- Continuing Support of Title X – the Nation’s Family Planning Program

Arizona Public Health Association (AzPHA) Resolution: Continuing Support of Title X – the Nation’s Family Planning Program

Effective Date: October 3, 2018

Background and Summary
The Title X program is the nation’s only federal grant program dedicated solely to providing low-income, uninsured or underinsured individuals with comprehensive, medically accurate, reproductive healthcare and related preventive healthcare services. Title X healthcare services include contraception, cancer screening, and STD testing and treatment, annual health exams, counseling, education and more. Often times it is the only regular health care many women receive.

In Arizona a 40-year old private not for profit, the Arizona Family Health Partnership (AFHP), has been awarded the Title X grant since 1983 and continues to provide high quality, medically accurate, and non- judgmental care through a network of delegate agencies.

● In 2017, AFHP served more than 36,000 women, men and teens who received high quality family planning care and information including healthcare services, including contraception, STI testing, cancer screenings, and education, among other services;
● Additionally, Title X-funded family planning healthcare services prevented an estimated 6,070 unintended pregnancies;
● Saving the state $50 million in related healthcare expenses;
● Those 6,070 unintended pregnancies would have resulted in an estimated 2,860 unplanned births, 2,050 abortions, and 1,160 miscarriages, according to the Guttmacher Institute’s Health Benefits and Cost Savings Tool; and
● STD services prevented an estimated 570 cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea, which could have resulted in 60 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause infertility.

AzPHA Resolution July 2018

Whereas, Family Planning is one of the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century1; and
Whereas, medically accurate information and comprehensive care is imperative for a strong, trusted provider patient relationship; and

1 CDC: Ten Great Public Health Achievements — United States, 1900-1999

Whereas, Title X has contributed to a 30-year low in unintended pregnancies, a historic low in teen pregnancies and an absolute reduction in abortions by providing access to reproductive health care; and

Whereas, a full range of FDA approved birth control methods should be available to all women and men; and

Whereas, non-directive pregnancy options counseling and referral is essential for informed consent and is the standard of care endorsed by American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Physician Assistants2; and

Whereas, comprehensive, confidential and medically accurate information is the national standard of care; and

Whereas, high-quality medical care relies on honest, unfiltered conversations between patients and their physicians3; and

Whereas, Policy decisions about women’s health must be firmly rooted in science, and increase access to safe, effective and timely care4; and

Whereas abstinence-only-until-marriage message – especially (but not only) directed at adolescents is a marked shift from evidenced-informed and patient-centered approach5; and

Whereas STD cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis are on the rise in Arizona; and Whereas, federal law specifically prohibits Title X dollars from being used for abortions; and
Whereas, eight in 10 (80%) of the public say federal funding for family planning and other reproductive health services to low-income women is “very important” or “somewhat important” to them6; and

Therefore, be it resolved that the Arizona Public Health Association supports the Title X program and rules as they are currently enacted, will advocate for the continuation of the Title X program as it is currently enacted and will educate its members and the public regarding the importance and comprehensive nature of the Title X services provided for the health of Arizonans.

2 Guttmacher: Unbiased Information on and Referral for All Pregnancy Options Are Essential to Informed Consent in Reproductive Health Care
3 AMA Objects to attack on family planning services
4 ACOG: America’s Women’s Health Providers Oppose Efforts to Exclude Qualified Providers from Federally-Funded Programs
5 Guttmacher: The Trump Administration’s Irresponsible Use of Research in Pushing Its Abstinence-Only Agenda into Title X

6 Kaiser Family Foundation Poll: Two-thirds of Americans Don’t Want the Supreme Court to Overturn Roe

169~2018_(1) AzPHA Title X Resolution(reproduceive health, education)

Megan Resolutions, Uncategorized

2018- Universal Access to Contraceptive

Arizona Public Health Association (AzPHA)
Resolution: Universal Access to Contraception

Effective Date: October 3, 2018
Based on APHA Approved Policy Number: 20153 on November 3, 2015

Abstract
This resolution supports the universal right to contraception access in Arizona (AZ) and the United States. Contraceptive use confers significant health benefits through reductions in unwanted and high- risk pregnancies, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, unsafe abortions, and medical therapy. These benefits are so significant that universal access to contraception is accepted internationally as an essential human right.

Frequent barriers to access include financial, geographical, and sociocultural factors. Considering these barriers, as well as contraceptive failure rates, this policy supports the universal human right to voluntary, informed, affordable access to the full range of modern contraceptive methods, including emergency contraception. In addition, it urges health providers and health funding systems to ensure the right to contraception through services including comprehensive evidence-based counseling, language translation, and referrals as needed. Finally, it urges governments and donor agencies to support contraceptive technology research as well as strategies to facilitate use and acceptability.

Relationship to Existing AzPHA Resolutions
Through its resolutions, policies and advocacy, AzPHA has long supported the right to contraception access. However, AzPHA has no up-to-date comprehensive resolution addressing the necessity and public health benefits of universal, informed, and voluntary access to the full range of contraceptive methods. Previous resolutions provide basic foundations for this proposed contraception resolution and many are outdated.

The intent of this resolution is to update AzPHA’s long standing position on access to contraception and
when adopted, will replace previously approved topic-related resolutions and serve as the basis for
AzPHA’s education and advocacy efforts on this topic. The following resolutions are being recommended for updating and replacement by this new universal access to contraception resolution.

Resolution Title Date
Support for Local Birth Control Clinics 1938
Proper Medical Supervision in Birth Control Clinics 1938
Proposed Resolution by APHA on Male Involvement in Family
Planning 1981
Adolescent Access to Comprehensive, Confidential Reproductive
Health Care 2005

At the center of this proposed AzPHA resolution is the fundamental belief in an individual’s right to informed and voluntary choice of contraceptive methods during her or his life cycle for pregnancy prevention, delay of a pregnancy, disease prevention, or medical treatment. This right to contraception includes the right to information on the effectiveness of all methods, as well as their side effects,

reversibility, and other related issues, to enable voluntary and informed contraception choice.[1–4]
Ideally, a person’s literacy or income level or place of residence would not limit informed contraceptive choice.[1,4,5] This comprehensive resolution on universal access to contraception contributes to
AzPHA’s mission to improve public health and achieve equity in health status; it is an essential
component of AzPHA’s priority to ensure rights to health and health care.

Problem Statement
The development of safe, effective contraception is widely considered to be one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century.[6] Contraception allows individuals to safely space and limit their pregnancies and reduces unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions,[7] and maternal morbidity and mortality.[8] Contraception also improves birth outcomes, slows population growth, and improves socioeconomic status.[9–12] Contraception plays a pivotal role in the well-being and health of women and gives individuals control over their sexuality, fertility, and reproduction.

Many contraceptive methods reduce the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers, are therapeutic agents for menstrual-related disorders, and have other proven health benefits.[12] Evidence has shown definitively that the relative risk associated with use of any tested method of contraception is significantly lower than the risks from pregnancy, childbirth, and unsafe abortion.[13]

Evidence-Based Strategies to Address the Problem
With universal access to contraception, individuals make choices resulting in positive public health outcomes. There is extensive historical and evolving evidence over the past 60 years, both domestically and internationally, supporting many strategies to improve contraception access and use. Studies [14– 17] have shown the success of the following strategies:

● Comprehensive, evidence-based sexuality and contraception education and counseling without bias, discrimination, or coercion;
● A focus on antenatal, childbirth, and postpartum visits as key opportunities to reach clients for family planning services;
● Advocacy and community outreach projects engaging multiple disciplines and including social media, social and community gathering locations, peer-to-peer engagement, behavioral modification programs, condom negotiation training, and group engagement;
● Voluntary and client-centered choices of contraceptive methods;
● Availability of community-based reproductive health services;
● Low- or no-cost provision of contraception and reproductive health services;
● Adequate and accessible referral systems in the case of conscientious objection; and
● Safe and affordable access to emergency contraception and legal abortion.

These strategies have demonstrated higher rates of effective contraception use, lower unintended pregnancy rates, and improved birth spacing. Use of these findings to drive health policies has demonstrated the same results on a larger scale.

Whereas AzPHA Supports Universal Rights to Contraception Access;

The AzPHA urges protection and fulfillment of rights to safe, voluntary, confidential access to the full range of contraceptive methods without barriers, regardless of age, marital status, gender identity, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious background, socioeconomic status, geography, health status (including chronic disease, especially HIV/AIDS), nationality, immigration status or other demographic characteristics.

Whereas AzPHA Strives to Ensure Universal Access to Evidence-Based Contraceptive Information and Services;

The AzPHA supports comprehensive and evidence-based reproductive health education curricula for doctors, nurses, clinicians, and non-clinicians providing primary health care so that relevant content on all currently available contraceptive methods is routinely integrated into the education of all individuals involved in the delivery of contraceptive services.

The AzPHA urges health systems to address the main barriers to access to contraception in their local/national context, such as legal, financial, and geographical factors; gender-based violence; and sociocultural factors. Also, measures should be taken to ensure implementation of referral systems for contraceptive or abortion services in cases of conscientious objection.

The AzPHA supports the right of all individuals to evidence-based, comprehensive contraceptive counseling and education free from personal bias, including information on risks, benefits, effectiveness, proper usage, alternatives, and adverse effects, accompanied by a comprehensible, culturally/linguistically appropriate informed consent process.

The AzPHA urges that health policies and regulations guarantee universal access to emergency contraception in cases of sexual violence, rape, contraception failure, and other instances of unprotected sexual intercourse.

The AzPHA supports the principle of voluntary and informed choice under all circumstances and opposes practices that coerce or exert undue pressure to use contraception or to use methods unacceptable to the user.

The AzPHA urges governments and organizations to respect, protect, and fulfill sexual and reproductive health and rights, including actions to make modern contraception and safe legal abortion available, accessible, and affordable for all Arizonans.

Whereas AzPHA Advocates to Ensure Adequate Funding of Universal Contraception;

The AzPHA urges that health funders and payers, public and private, cover the cost of all contraceptives that have been shown to be effective in preventing pregnancy or are medically indicated.

The AzPHA advocates adequate government and private funded programs and services aimed at prevention and management of unintended pregnancies (for all women and men, regardless of citizenship status) that include contraceptive methods, access to emergency contraception and legal and safe abortion.

Whereas AzPHA Supports Contraceptive Access through Research and Development;

The AzPHA urges the continued development of contraceptive technology to improve the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of methods for both men and women. AzPHA further urges new, ongoing, and increased funding (from both public and private sources) to support research designed to address factors enhancing or limiting voluntary and informed contraceptive use in diverse cultural and social settings.

Therefore, be it resolved that the AzPHA supports and advocates for the rights to universal access and delivery of contraception services throughout Arizona, including ongoing comprehensive education, funding, use of evidenced-based information and services, and research efforts for such services.

References

1. United Nations Population Fund and Center for Reproductive Rights. Briefing paper: the right to contraceptive information and services for women and adolescents. Available at: http://www.unfpa.org/resources/rights- contraceptive-information-and-services-women-and-adolescents. Accessed December 15, 2015.

2. Cook RJ, Dickens BM, Fatahalla MF. Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and Law. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2003.

3. Population Reference Bureau. Contraceptive evidence: questions and answers. Available at: http://www.prb.org/pdf13/contraceptive-evidence-2013.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015.

4. Hardee K, Kumar J, Newman K, et al. Voluntary, human rights–based family planning: a conceptual framework. Stud Fam Plann. 2014; 45:1–18.

5. Singh S, Darroch JE. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in sexual and reproductive health. Available at: http://www.unfpa.org/adding-it-up. Accessed December 15, 2015.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: family planning. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48:1073–1080.

7. Peipert JF, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM. Preventing unintended pregnancies by providing no-cost contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1291–1297.

8. Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A. Contraception and health. Lancet. 2012;380:149–156.

9. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermudez A, Kafury-Goeta A. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295:1809–1823.

10. Zhu B. Effect of inter-pregnancy interval on birth outcomes: findings from three recent US studies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;89(suppl 1):S25–S33.

11. Wendt A, Gibbs CM, Peters S, Hogue CJ. Impact of increasing inter-pregnancy interval on maternal and infant health. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(suppl 1):239–258.

12. Maguire K, Westhoff C. The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging non-contraceptive health benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(suppl 4):S4–S8.

13. Hatcher RA, Cates W, Trussel J, Nelson A, Kowal D, Policar M. Contraceptive Technology. 20th ed. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2011.

14. Secura GM, Madden T, McNicholas C, et al. Provision of no-cost, long-acting contraception and teenage pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1316–1323.

15. Harper CC, Rocca C, Thompson K, et al. Reductions in pregnancy rates in the USA with long-acting reversible contraception: a cluster randomized trial. Lancet. 2015;386:562–568.

16. Canning D, Schultz PT. The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning. Lancet. 2012;380:165–171.

17. Tavernise S. Colorado’s effort against teenage pregnancies is a startling success. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/science/colorados-push-against-teenage-pregnancies-is-a-startling- success.html. Accessed December 15, 2015.

170~2018_(1) AzPHA Resolution Universal Access to Contraception (medication, reproductive health)

Megan Resolutions, Uncategorized

1971- Arizona Laws Regarding Abortion

ARIZONA PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION
41st Annual Meeting – Tucson, Arizona – October 6,7,8, 1971

RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARIZONA LAWS REGARDING ABORTION

WHEREAS, the Arizona Public HeaJ.th Association recog­nizes the right of the individual to secure quality medical care, and

WHEREAS, the existing legislation is prejudicial to the rights of women in a free society; and

WHEREAS, the decision of having an abortion be the judgment of the woman and a qualified doctor

THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED THAT as a professional organiza­tion we will actively promote liberalization or abolishment of the current Arizona Laws concerned with abortion.

1971-arizona laws regarding abortion

Megan Resolutions

1971-Family Planning

ARIZONA PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION
41st Annual Meeting – Tucson, Arizona – October 6,7,8, 1971

RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARIZONA LAWS REGARDING ABORTION

WHEREAS, the Arizona Public HeaJ.th Association recog­nizes the right of the individual to secure quality medical care, and

WHEREAS, the existing legislation is prejudicial to the rights of women in a free society; and

WHEREAS, the decision of having an abortion be the judgment of the woman and a qualified doctor

THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED THAT as a professional organiza­tion we will actively promote liberalization or abolishment of the current Arizona Laws concerned with abortion.

60~1971_(1)Arizona laws regarding abortion (abortion, legislation) (1)

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